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Vinquenya

(neo-Quenya)

Tengwassë (alphabet)

Article

Pronoun

Nouns

Adjectives

I Tengwassë

(Consonants)

In the Latin Alphabet, Quenya has __ tengwa*

In the Latin Alphabet, Quenya has __ letters

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Y, Z

(Vowels)

(there) (are) (five 5) ómar a, e, i, o, u. I ómar (can be short or long, long vowels are written with an acute accent in Latin script)

There) are five (5) vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩. The vowels can be short or long, long vowels are written with an acute accent in Latin script

	front	back
close	⟨i⟩ [i], ⟨í⟩ [iː]	⟨u⟩ [u], ⟨ú⟩ [uː]
close-mid	⟨e⟩ [éː]	⟨ó⟩ [oː]
open-mid	⟨e⟩ [ɛ]	⟨o⟩ [ɔ]
open	⟨a⟩ [a], ⟨á⟩ [aː]	⟨⟩ [ː]

I samnar* ….

The dipthongs are /iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/i

I Patacar

(העצורים)

I téma*

I calmatéma: calma (c), anga (ng), harma (), anca ()ñ

I parmatéma: parma (p), umbar (mb), formen (f), ampa (mp)

I quessetéma: quesse (qu), ungwe (), hwesta, (), unque ()

I tincotéma

I tyelpetéma

Continuant (mussë* tengwë): vowels, semi-vowels (w, y) and continuants (l, m, n, r)

Consonants are divided into Mutes, Liquids, Nasals and Spirants

The Mutes are b, c, ch, g, d, k, p, ph, q, t, th, of these

are voiced b, d, h

are voiceless c, k, p, q, t

are aspirated ch, ph, th

They are classified as

Labials: b, p, ph

Dentals (or Linguals) d, t, th

Gutturals (or Palatals) g, c, k, q, ch

The nasals are m, n (also n advlterīnvm as in ‘sing’

The spirants are h, f, s

The liquids are l, r

The Semivowels i, v

The double vowels x (cs), z

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
nasal	[m]	[n]		⟨ñ~n⟩ [ŋ]
plosive	p [p] : b	t [t] : d	⟨ty⟩ [c] : ⟨nd⟩ [ⁿɟ]	c [k[ : g
fricative	f : v	s	⟨hy, ht⟩ [ç]	⟨ht⟩ x	h
trill		⟨hr⟩ [r̥] : ⟨r⟩ [r]
lateral		l
lateral fricative		⟨hl⟩ [ɬ]
semivowel	⟨hw⟩ [ʍ] : [w]		[j]

temár> tjeller!	Tincotémar	Tyelpetémar	Parmatémar	Calmatéma	Quessetéma
	t [t]		p [t]	c [k]	qu []
	(n)d		(m) b	(n)g	(n)gw
	g		c, k, q	ch	guttural
	l, r
Nasals	m [n]
Spirants			f		labial
			s		dental
			h		guttural
Semivowels	i, v

Phonotactics

Words can only begin with the letters ⟨c, f h, hl, hr, hw, hy, l, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, t, v, w, y⟩

Only the letters ⟨c, l, m, n, p, s, t⟩ can be geminated

Summary

שם האות	הואת
רָֽגֶל אוֹ שָֽׁמֶשׁ		⟨telco⟩ ~ ⟨Anar⟩ // ~ //
שָֽׁחַר		⟨ára⟩ //
מַתֶּכֶת	t	⟨tinco⟩ //
סֵפֶר	p	⟨parma⟩ //
נֵר	k	⟨calma⟩ //
נוֹצָה	qu	⟨quesse⟩ //
שָֽׁעַר	nd	⟨ando⟩ //
גּוֹרָל	mb	⟨umbar⟩ //
	ng	⟨anga⟩ //
	ngw	⟨ungwe⟩ //
רוח	s	⟨súle<thúle⟩ //
צפון	f	⟨formen⟩ //
	h	⟨aha⟩ //
	hw	⟨hwesta⟩ //
פה	nt	⟨anto⟩ //
	mp	⟨ampa⟩ //
	nc	⟨anca⟩ //
	nqu	⟨unque⟩ //
מערב	n	⟨númen⟩ //
זהב	m	⟨malta⟩ //
	ñ>n	⟨ñoldo⟩ //
	ñw>nw	⟨ñwalme⟩ //
לב	r	⟨óre⟩ //
מלאך	v	⟨vala⟩ //
מתנה		⟨anna⟩ //
שמים	w>v	⟨wilya⟩ //
מזרח	r	⟨rómen⟩ //
	rd	⟨arda⟩ //
לשון	l	⟨lambe⟩ //
עץ	ld	⟨alda⟩ //
	s	⟨silme⟩ //
	s	⟨silme nuquerna⟩ //
שם	ss	⟨esse⟩ //
	ss	⟨esse nuquerna⟩ //
דרום	hy	⟨hyarmen⟩ //
	hw	⟨hwesta sindarinwa⟩ //
גשר		⟨yanta⟩ //
		⟨úre⟩ //
		⟨___⟩ //
		⟨___⟩ //
		⟨___⟩ //
		⟨___⟩ //

____

(The Definite Article)

The definite article in Quenya is ⟨i⟩, and as in English it is invariable. Unlike English there is no indefinite article.

Thus ‘a book’ or ‘book’ is ⟨parma⟩ but ‘the book’ is ⟨i parma⟩

התיות היא ‘אִי’ ובאה לפני השם

⟨i parma⟩ ‘הַסֵּפֶר’

⟨i seldo*⟩ ‘הַיָּלֶד’

___

(nouns)

Nouns in Quenya decline for number and case. There are 3 classes or nouns

1. Consonantal stems: nouns whose last letter is a consonant, eg.: ⟨nórë⟩ ‘land’
2. Vocalic stems: nouns ending in a vowel, eg.: ⟨tyaro⟩ ‘agent’
3. E-nouns: nouns ending in the vowel ⟨ë⟩, eg.: ⟨nórë⟩ ‘land’

Quenya nouns decline in the following number:

1. Singular
2. Dual:
3. Partitive plural
4. Plural

(dual)

The dual denotes two things which form a pair.

Natural pairs: two arms, two eyes, two ears

Closely connected: Two Towers

Formation of the dual. The dual form of the noun is marked in one of two ways. It is marked either with the consonantal suffix ⟨-t⟩ or the vocalic suffix ⟨-u⟩. The vocalic suffix is used with natural parts of the body

⟨tië⟩ ‘path’, dual is ⟨tiet⟩

⟨aran⟩ ‘king’, dual is ⟨aranet⟩

⟨hen⟩ ‘eye’, dual is ⟨hendu⟩

⟨ranco⟩ ‘arm’, dual is ⟨rancu⟩

⟨pé⟩ ‘lip’, dual is ⟨peu⟩

⟨pé⟩ ‘lip’, dual is ⟨peu⟩

⟨tál⟩ ‘foot’, dual is ⟨talu⟩

If one is talking about two things, then use ⟨atta⟩** ‘two

(partitive plural)

The partitive can denotes ‘some of’ or ‘part of’.

⟨nateli⟩ ‘some things’, from ⟨nat⟩ ‘thing’

It denotes ‘many of’.

⟨aldali⟩ ‘many trees’, from ⟨alda⟩ ‘tree’

Quenya nouns decline in the following cases

1. Nominative
2. Accusative
3. Genitive
4. Instrumental
5. Allative
6. Dative
7. Locative
8. Short locative*
9. Ablative
10. Adjectival or Possessive

(Nominative)

The nominative indicates the subject of the sentence.

singular	-a	-ë	-o	-C
dual
partitive
plural	-ar

(Accusative)

The accusative case indicates the direct object of the verb. In Tarquesta it has the same form as the nominative but in Ancient Quenya and Parmaquesta its dorms are:

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-á	-é	-ó	-Ca
dual
partitive
plural

(Genitive)

The genitive case indicates

1. Origin: the best X of X
2. Part
3. Topic
4. Family relations

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-o	-ëo	-o	-Co
dual
partitive
plural

(instrumental)

The instrumental indicates means or instrument.

In passive sentences, the insturmental case indicates the the actor.

example: the book was read to the children by their grandmother.

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-anen	-enen	-oinen	-inen
dual
partitive
plural

(allative)

The allative case indicates motion towards a place

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-anna	-enna	-onta	-ta
dual
partitive
plural

(dative)

The dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb.

1. I give the book to X
2. I fight for X

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-an	– en	-or	-en
dual
partitive
plural

(locative)

The locative case indicates location or position

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-assë	-essë	-ossë	-issë
dual
partitive
plural

(short locative)

The short locative case

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-as	-es	-os	-is
dual
partitive
plural

(ablative)

The ablative case indicates motion away from a place.

I went from X to you

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-allo	-ello	-ollo	-ullo
dual
partitive
plural

(adjectival or possessive)

The adjectival or possessive case indicates material possession / ownership, quality, topic. Forms adjectives from nouns

	-a	-ë	-o	-C
singular	-ava	-eva	-ova	-wa
dual
partitive
plural

____essë

(pronouns)

	קִנְיָן	משא	ארך	קצר
1st (sg.)	-nya	-n	-nyë	-n
2nd. (sg,)			-tyë	-t
2nd (sg., polite)	-lya		-lyë	-l
3rd (sg.)		-s	-ryë	-s
3rd (sg.m)	-rya (שלו?)		-ro	-s
3rd (sg.f.)	-rya (שלה?)		-rë	-s
1st (dual)	-lva		-lvë -lwë	-m
1st (pl., exclussive)	-mma		-mmë	-m
1st (pl. inclussive)	-lma		-lmë	-m
2nd (pl.)			-ccë	-l
2nd (pl. polite)			-llë	-l
3rd (pl.)	-nta	-t	-ntë	-t
4th. (pl.)			–	-r
one, you				quen

lanteanyë = אני נופל

méranyes = אני רוצה אותו

	קִנְיָן	משא	ארך	הֹוֶה
1st (sg.)	-nya	-n	-nyë	nan
2nd. (sg,)			-tyë	nat
2nd (sg., polite)	-lya		-lyë	nat
3rd (sg.)		-s	-ryë	na
3rd (sg.m)	-rya (שלו?)		-ro	nas
3rd (sg.f.)	-rya (שלה?)		-rë	nas
1st (dual)	-lva		-lvë -lwë	namnë
1st (pl., exclussive)	-mma		-mmë	namnë
1st (pl. inclussive)	-lma		-lmë	namnë
2nd (pl.)			-ccë	nal
2nd (pl. polite)			-llë	nal
3rd (pl.)	-nta	-t	-ntë	nat
4th. (pl.)			–	nar
one, you				quen

(emphatic pronouns)

Example: even I. I, too. but I

first person singular ⟨inyë⟩, plural ⟨emmë, elmë, elvë⟩

second person formal singular ⟨elyë⟩, plural ⟨ellë⟩

second person familiar singular ⟨etyë⟩, plural ⟨eccë⟩

third person singular ⟨ero, erë, eryë⟩, plural ⟨entë⟩ ‘them’

(object Pronouns)

first person singular ⟨nyë⟩ ‘me’, plural ⟨me, met⟩ ‘us’

second person formal singular ⟨lyë⟩ ‘you’, plural ⟨lyë⟩ ‘you’

second person familiar singular ⟨tyë⟩ ‘you’, plural ⟨lyë⟩ ‘you’

third person singular ⟨son, sen, san⟩ ‘him/her/it’, plural ⟨te⟩ ‘them’

(indirect object Pronouns)

first person singular ⟨nin⟩ ‘(to) me’, plural ⟨men, ment⟩ ‘(to) us’

second person formal singular ⟨len⟩ ‘(to) you’, plural ⟨len⟩ ‘(to) you’

second person familiar singular ⟨cen⟩ ‘(to) you’, plural ⟨len⟩ ‘(to) you’

third person singular ⟨ta⟩ ‘him/her/it’, plural ⟨tien⟩ ‘(to) them’

(Possessive Pronouns)

first person singular ⟨-nya⟩ ‘my’, plural ⟨-lma, -mma, -lva⟩ ‘our’

second person formal singular ⟨-lya⟩ ‘your’, plural ⟨-lla⟩ ‘your’

second person familiar singular ⟨-tya⟩ ‘your’, plural ⟨-cca⟩ ‘your’

third person singular ⟨-rya⟩ ‘his/her/its’, plural ⟨-nta⟩ ‘their’

(relative)

⟨i⟩ who, whom

⟨ya⟩ that, which, who, whom

Genitive ⟨yo⟩ ‘whose’

⟨yassë⟩ in which

⟨yanna⟩ into which

(indefinite)

⟨quen⟩ someone

I____

(שאלות)

(Interrogative)

⟨ma⟩ מלית שאלה

⟨ma Celebrimbor i coanen ?⟩ Is Celebrimbor at home?

⟨man?⟩ who?, what?

⟨man?⟩ who?, what?

I Epepaninci*

(תחליות)

⟨an-⟩ the intensive prefix. This used to form the superlative.

1. ⟨airë⟩ ‘holy’ > ⟨anairë⟩ ‘holiest’
2. ⟨calima⟩ ‘bright’ > ⟨ancalima⟩ ‘brightest, exceedingly bright’

⟨en-⟩ re-, again

לפעלים

⟨ana-⟩ ‘to, towards’

⟨ap-⟩ ‘after’

⟨apa-⟩ ‘after’

⟨at-⟩ ‘again, back, re-‘

⟨ata-⟩ ‘again, back, re-‘

⟨au-⟩ ‘away, without’

⟨en-⟩ ‘again’

⟨et-⟩ ‘forth, out’

⟨ete-⟩ ‘forth, out’

⟨hó-⟩ ‘away’

⟨nan-⟩ ‘back’

⟨ó-⟩ ‘together’

⟨ter-⟩ ‘through’

⟨undu-⟩ ‘down’

Adjectives & nouns

⟨al-⟩ ‘un-‘

⟨ala-⟩ ‘un-‘

⟨ar-⟩ 1. ‘beside, outside’, 2. ‘noble, royal’

⟨ara-⟩ ‘noble, royal’

⟨ava-⟩ ‘un-‘

⟨can-⟩ ‘four, quad-‘

⟨il-⟩ ‘un-‘

⟨li-⟩ ‘many’

⟨lin-⟩ ‘many’

⟨nel-⟩ ‘three, tri-‘

⟨ú-⟩ ‘un-, not’

⟨vin-⟩ ‘neo-, new’, ⟨Vinquenya⟩ ‘Neo-quenya’

I Appaninci*

(סופיות)

⟨-arwa⟩ ”’

⟨-da⟩ ”. ⟨yulda⟩ ‘draught’ from the verb ⟨yul-⟩ ‘to drink’. ⟨carda⟩ ‘deed’ from the verb ⟨car-⟩ ‘do, make’

⟨-(n)duinë⟩, large river suffix ‘river’. ⟨Anduinë⟩ ‘Long river’, ⟨Nanduinë⟩ ‘West river”duinë’, ⟨Tamenduinë⟩ ‘the river Thames’

⟨-ë⟩ ”. with lengthening of the stem vowel. ⟨nútë⟩ ‘knot’ from ⟨nut-⟩ ‘to tie’, ⟨lírë⟩ ‘song’ from ⟨lir-⟩ ‘to sing’, ⟨sírë⟩ ‘river’ from ⟨sir-⟩ ‘to flow’, ⟨airë⟩ ‘sanctity’ from ⟨aira⟩ ‘holy’

⟨-ië⟩ forms abstract nouns, ‘-ness’. ⟨tengwestië⟩ ‘language’ from ⟨tengwesta⟩ ‘code, system of signs’, ⟨verië⟩ ‘boldness’ from ⟨verya, verya-⟩ ‘bold, to dare’

⟨-iël⟩ ”

⟨-il⟩ ”

⟨-ima⟩ ‘-able, -ible, able to be done, possible’. ⟨mátima⟩ ‘edible’ from the verb ⟨mat-⟩ ‘to eat’

⟨-incë⟩ ”

⟨-indë⟩ ”

⟨-indo⟩ ”

⟨-inqua⟩ ”

⟨-ion⟩ ”

⟨-lë⟩ ”

⟨-llë⟩ ”

⟨-më⟩ ”

⟨-mo⟩ ”

⟨-(n)dacil⟩ ‘victor’

⟨-në⟩ ”

⟨-on⟩ ”

⟨-r⟩ ”

⟨-rë⟩ ”

⟨-rin⟩ ”

⟨-ro⟩ ”

⟨-sta⟩ ”

⟨-ssë⟩ forms abstract nouns: ‘-ship, -tion’

⟨-vëa⟩ ”

⟨-wë⟩ ”

⟨-Vt⟩ ” ⟨hyapat, lanat, sarat⟩

I Epepanyessi*

(מלות יחס)

⟨ama⟩ ‘onto, up, upward’

⟨amba⟩ ‘onto, up, upward’

⟨an⟩ ‘because of, for, until’

⟨ana⟩ ‘to towards’

⟨apa⟩ ‘behind, in the rear’

⟨ara⟩ ‘beside, outside’

⟨arwa⟩ + genitive, ‘having, with’

⟨enga⟩ ‘except, save’

⟨epë⟩ ‘before’

⟨et⟩ + ablative, ‘out of’

⟨harë⟩ ‘near’

⟨hequa⟩ ‘except, save’

⟨ho⟩ ‘from’

⟨imbë’⟩ ‘between’

⟨mi⟩ ‘in, on’, ⟨mí⟩ ‘in the

⟨minna⟩ ‘into’

⟨mír⟩ ‘into’

⟨na⟩ ‘to, towards’

⟨no⟩ ‘beneath, under’

⟨nu⟩ ‘beneath, under’

⟨or⟩ ‘above’

⟨tenna⟩ ‘until’

⟨terë⟩ ‘through’

⟨ú⟩ + genitive, ‘without’

⟨undo⟩ ‘beneath, under’

⟨vë⟩ ‘as, like’, used to form adverbs

⟨yo⟩ ‘together with’

תארי פעל

The suffix ⟨-vë⟩ is used to convert an adjective into an adverb. Adverbs follow the verb.

calima ‘bright’ > calimavë ‘brightly’, rimba ‘much’ > rimbavë ‘frequently’, linta ‘swift’ > lintavë ‘swiftly’, tára ‘high’ > táravë ‘highly’

morë ‘dark’ > morivë ‘darkly’

melin ‘dear’ > melinvë ‘dearly’

I nótessi

(numerals)

	Cardinal	Ordinal	adverbial	Fractions
1	minë	minya	ellumë	__
2	atta	attea	yullumë	peresta / perta
3	neldë	neldea	nellumë	nelesta, neldesta, nelta, nelsat
4	canta	cantea	kantallumë**	canasta, casta, cansat
5	lempe	lempea	lemillumë*	lepesta, lepsat
6	enque	enquea	enqellumë*	enquesta
7	otso	otsea	otsollumë	otosta, osta, otsat
8	tolto	toldea		tolosta, tosta, tolsat
9	nertë	nertea		neresta, nesta, nersat
10	cainen	quainea		caista
11	minquë			minquesta
12	yunquë			yunquesta

haran / tuxa = 100

húmë = 1,000

mindóra = 1,000,000

Cariquetta

(verb)

(the Infinitive)

of Basisc Verbs

vowel
a	mat-	mátë
e	quet-	quetë
i	tir-	tírë	to see
o	o	ë
u		ë

of A-Verbs

lanta-	lanta	to fall

Méran* matë : אני רוצה לאכל

pólan tecë : אני יוכל לכתב

(the Long Infinitive)

To attach object pronouns to infinitives, a special form of the infinitive is used.

	Long fininitive
car-	carita-	to do X
cen-	cenita-	to see X

⟨méran cennitas⟩ ‘I want to see it’together with’

(gerund)

The gerund is a noun which describes the action of the verb. As a noun it is fully declinable

of Basic Verbs

vowel
a	–	ë
e	tec-	tecië	writing
i	–	ë
o	o	ë
u		ë

of A-Verbs

The gerund for A-verbs is formed as with basic verbs, but for verbs which end in ⟨-ya⟩, this is dropped before the ending ⟨-ië⟩

lanta-	lantië	falling
hilya	hilië	following

(tenses)

Aorist tense – זְמן הֹוֶה תתת

1. harya-: harya, haryir** (הָיֹה לְ־)
2. mat-: matë, matir (אָכֹל)

⟨polin quete i lambe eldaiva⟩ ‘I can speak the Elven language’

Present tense – זְמן הֹוֶה תתת

The present tense is used for actions that are currently in action

1. hlar-: hlára, hlárar (שָׁמֹעַ)
2. mat-: máta, mátar (אָכֹל)
3. tir-: tíra, tírar (___)
4. tul-: túla, túlar (בּוֹא)
5. quet-: quétëa**, quétëar* (דַּבֹּר)
6. anta-: antëa, antëar* (נָתֹן)
7. ora-: orëa, antëar* (___)
8. lanta-: lantëa, lantear (נָפֹל)
9. lelya-: lelyëa, lelyear (הָלֹךְ)

Future tense – זְמן עָתִיד

The future tense describes events or actions which have not yet happened. They are formed with the suffux ⟨-uva⟩. For A-verbs the final final vowel is dropped

1. harya-: haryuva, haryuvar (הָיֹה לְ־)
2. mat-: matuva, matuvar (אָכֹל)

Past tense – זְמן עָבָר

The past tense describes actions that have begun in the past but does not indicate if they have been completed.

1. hlar-: hlárnë, hlárner (שָׁמֹעַ)
2. mat-: mantë, manter (אָכֹל)
3. cen-: cennë, cenner (רָאֹה)
4. mel-: mellë, meller (אָהֹב)
5. tul-: tullë, tuller (בּוֹא)
6. wil-: willë, willer (בּוֹא)
7. cap-: campë, camper (קָפֹץ)
8. anta-: ???? (נָתֹן)
9. quet-: quentë**, ???* (דַּבֹּר)
10. tul-: túlë, túler* (?) (irregular)
11. ista-: sintë, sinter* (?) (irregular)
12. lelya-: lendë, lender* (הָלֹךְ) (irregular)
13. lanta-: lantanë, lantear (נָפֹל)

Perfect tense – זְמן נִשְׁלָם****

The perfect tense is used to describe actions that have already been completed in the past.

1. mel-: emelië, XXX (אָהֹב)
2. tec-: etécië, XXX (כָּתֹב)
3. mitta-: imittië, XXX (הכנס)
4. virya-: avárië, XXX (irregular)
5. verya-: evérië, XXX (irregular)
6. quet-: equétië**, ???* (דַּבֹּר)
7. ⟨anta-⟩: ⟨antië, antiër⟩ (נָתֹן)
8. hir-: ⟨hírië, híriër⟩ (מֳצֹא)
9. lanta-: alantië, lantear (נָפֹל)
10. hauta-: ajautië, lantear (נָפֹל)
11. ⟨verya-⟩: ⟨evérië, evérier⟩ (נָפֹל)

(imperative)

⟨á⟩

1. mat-: á matë! : אכל/אכלי/אכלו/אכלנה
2. lelya-: á lelya! : לך/לכי/לכו/לכנה

(negative imperative)

The negative particle ⟨áva⟩ is used before the infinitive of the verb to make a negative

1. mat-: ⟨áva matë!⟩ :
2. lelya-: ⟨áva lelya!⟩

() הַפּעַל הָיֹה

	זְמַן
ná, nar	הֹוֶה
nauva	עָתִיד
ne (né), ner	הָֽעָבָר

verb of negation umë (aorist), úma* (present tense), úme (past tense), úva (future tense), úmië? (perfect)

Adjectives

Attributive: describing nouns

The adjective generally comes before its noun ⟨tára alda⟩ but can also come after ⟨alda tára⟩ ‘a tall tree’ and can be made definite by placing the definite article before the phrase as in English: ⟨i tára alda⟩ ‘the tall tree’.

Unlike the noun, adjectives only decline for two numbers, singular and plural’

⟨i tárë aldar⟩ ‘the tall trees’

Predicative: the tree is tall

In the sentence ‘the tree is tall’, the noun ‘tree’ is the subject and adjective ‘tall’ is the predicative. The *copulative* verb ⟨na-⟩*** can be between the subject and predicate as in English, at the end like in Latin or ommitted* entirely. The sentence ‘the tree is tall’ can be rendered in Quenya:

1. ⟨i alda ná tára⟩
2. ⟨i alda tára ná⟩
3. ⟨i alda tára⟩

⟨___⟩

The Last Declinable Word

⟨alda tára⟩

(relative sentences)

Quenya has two relative pronouns, the indeclinable ⟨i⟩ and the declinable ⟨ya⟩. The indeclinable pronoun ⟨i⟩, which is identical to the definite article, is restricted for use with persons referred to in the nominative and accusative case. The declinable pronoun ⟨ya⟩ is used in all nouns and cases.

ימי השבוע

Days of the Week

Glossary