Welsh (Cymraeg) is a Celtic language spoken in Wales. With ancient roots and modern revival, it remains a vital part of Welsh life, culture, education, and national identity today.
___
(the alphabet and phonology)
Treiglad
(mutation)
| b | f | – | m |
| c | g | ch | ngh |
| d | dd | – | n |
| g | ‘ | – | ng |
| ll | l | – | – |
| m | f | mh* | – |
| n | – | nh* | – |
| p | b | ph | mh |
| rh | r | – | – |
| t | d | th | nh |
(*) spoken practice, not written
Y Fannod
(the article)
Welsh only has one article (bannod) which has three forms.
The form ⟨yr⟩ is used before vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u, w, y⟩ and the letter ⟨h⟩.
The consonant ⟨r⟩ of the definite article is elided before consonants, reducing the article to simply ⟨y⟩. Before feminine nouns this causes soft mutation.
After a word ending in a vowel, ⟨y⟩ is elided leaving just ⟨‘r⟩
Rhagenwau
(pronouns)
(personal pronouns)
| 1st | i, fi, mi | ni |
| 2nd | ti, di | chi |
| 3rd (m.) (f.) | e/o, fe/fo hi | nhw |
| 1st | innau, finnau, minnau | ninnau |
| 2nd | tithau, dithau | chithau |
| 3rd (m.) (f.) | yntau, fintau hithau | nhwthau |
(reflexive pronouns)
South Wales
| 1st | (f)y(n) hunan | ein hunain |
| 2nd | dy hunan | eich hunain / eich hunan |
| 3rd | ei hunan | eu hun hunain |
North Wales
| 1st | (f)y(n) hun | ein hun |
| 2nd | dy hun | eich hun |
| 3rd | ei hun | eu hun |
(Demonstrative pronouns)
| masculine | feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| this | hwn | hon |
| that | hwnw | honno |
| these those | y rhain y rheiny | y rhain y rheiny |
(interrogative pronouns)
pwy? = who?
beth? = wht?
pa un = which (one)?
pa rai = which (ones)?
| 1st | (f)y(n) hun | ein hun |
| 2nd | dy hun | eich hun |
| 3rd | ei hun | eu hun |
()
Enwau
(noun)
Ansoddair
(adjective)
___
(numbers)
Arddodiad
(preposition)
Berf
(verb)
Adferf
(adverb)
___
(conjunction)
___
(phrases)
(proper nouns)
Byrfoddau
(abbreviations)
Ell = enw lluosog plural noun
The following is a list of abbreviations used in Welsh grammar and dictionaries.
| English | Welsh (Cymraeg) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| adjective | adj. | ans. | ansoddair |
| adverb | adv. | adf. | adferf |
| loanword | bnth. | benthyciad | |
| conjunction | conj. | cys. | cysylltair |
| feminine noun | nf. | eb. | enw benywaidd |
| interjection | ebd. | ebychiad | |
| masculine noun | nm. | eg. | enw gwrywaidd |
| numeral | rhif | ||
| plural | pl. | ll. | lluosog |
| prefix | rhagd. | rhagddodiad | |
| preposition | prep. | ardd. | arddodiad |
| pronoun | pron. | rh. | rhagenw |
| proper noun | pn. | ep. | enw priodol |
| suffix | ôldd. | ôl-ddodiad | |
| verb | v. | bf. | berf |
| verbal noun | vn. | be. | berfenw |
| Cymraeg | Saesneg (English) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| adferf | adf. | adv. | adverb |
| ansoddair | ans. | adj. | adjective |
| arddodiad | ardd. | prep. | preposition |
| benthyciad | loanword | ||
| berf | bf. | v. | verb |
| berfenw | be. | verbal noun | |
| cysylltair | cys. | conj. | conjunction |
| ebychiad | ebd. | interjection | |
| enw benywaidd | eb. | nf. | feminine noun |
| enw gwrywaidd | eg. | nm. | masculine noun |
| enw priodol | ep. | pn. | proper noun. |
| lluosog | ll. | pl. | plural |
| ôl-ddodiad | ôldd. | suffix. | |
| rhagddodiad | rhagd. | prefix | |
| rhagenw | rh. | pron. | pronoun |
| treiglad llaes (tl.) | tl. | aspirate mutation | |
| treiglad meddal (tm.) | tm. | soft mutation | |
| treiglad trwynol (tt.) | tt. | nasal mutation |
| English | Welsh (Cymraeg) |
|---|---|
| adjective (adj.) | ansoddair (ans.) |
| adverb (adv.) | adferf (adf.) |
| infinitive | berf annherfynol |
| loanword | benthyciad |
| conjunction | cysylltair |
| feminine noun (nf.) | enw benywaidd (eb.) |
| interjection | ebychiad (ebd.) |
| masculine noun (nm.) | enw gwrywaidd (eg.) |
| mutation | treiglad |
| numeral | rhif |
| plural (pl.) | lluosog (ll.) |
| prefix | rhagddodiad (rhagd.) |
| preposition (prep.) | arddodiad (ardd.) |
| pronoun (pron.) | rhagenw (rh.) |
| proper noun (pn.) | enw priodol (ep.) |
| singular (sg.) | unigol |
| suffix () | ôl-ddodiad (ôldd.) |
| verb (v.) | berf (bf.) |
| verbal noun | berfenw (be.) |
| Cymraeg | Saesneg (English) |
|---|---|
| adferf (adf.) | adverb (adv.) |
| ansoddair (ans.) | adjective (adj.) |
| arddodiad (ardd.) | preposition (prep.) |
| benthyciad | loanword |
| berf (bf.) | verb (b.) |
| berf annherfynol | infinitive |
| berfenw (be.) | verbal noun |
| cysylltair | conjunction |
| ebychiad (ebd.) | interjection |
| enw benywaidd (eb.) | feminine noun (nf.) |
| enw gwrywaidd (eg.) | masculine noun (nm.) |
| enw priod (ep.) | enw priodol (ep.) |
| lluosog (ll.) | plural (pl.) |
| ôl-ddodiad (ôldd.) | suffix |
| rhagddodiad (rhagd.) | prefix |
| rhagenw (rh.) | pronoun (pron.) |
| rhif | numeral |
| treiglad treiglad llaes (tl.) treiglad meddal (tm.) treiglad trwynol (tt.) | mutation aspirate mutation soft mutation nasal mutation |
| unigol | singular (sg.) |
| Cymraeg | Saesneg (English) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| dydd Llun | llun. | Monday | |
| milltir yn awr | mya | miles per hour | |
| Parchedig | Parch | Reverend |
| Saesneg | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Monday | llun. | dydd Llun | |
| miles per hour | mya | milltir yn awr | |
| Reverend | Parch | Parchedig |
Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (“Land of My Fathers”) is Wales’s national anthem, written in 1856 by Evan and James James. Celebrating Welsh language and heritage, it’s sung proudly at national events and sports, symbolizing unity, pride, and the enduring spirit of the Welsh people.
Mae hen wlad fy nhadau yn annwyl i mi,
Gwlad beirdd a chantorion, enwogion o fri;
Ei gwrol ryfelwyr, gwladgarwyr tra mâd,
Tros ryddid gollasant eu gwaed.
Chorus:
Gwlad, Gwlad, pleidiol wyf i’m gwlad,
Tra môr yn fur i’r bur hoff bau,
O bydded i’r heniaith barhau.
Hen Gymru fynyddig, paradwys y bardd;
Pob dyffryn, pob clogwyn, i’m golwg sydd hardd
Trwy deimlad gwladgarol, mor swynol yw si
Ei nentydd, afonydd, i fi.
Chorus
Os treisiodd y gelyn fy ngwlad dan ei droed,
Mae hen iaith y Cymry mor fyw ag erioed,
Ni luddiwyd yr awen gan erchyll law brad,
Na thelyn berseiniol fy ngwlad.
Chorus
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