מָבוֹא – Introduction
*תשמות – Nomenclature
Canaanite, Hebrew, Judean or Phoenician?.
Nowadays, Southern Phoenician is the only Phoenician language spoken. The language commonly known as Hebrew since the Hellenistic age is clearly a misnomer. The term ‘Hebrew’ is not used by the Bible, instead two terms are used. The first term is found in Isaia 19:18 which uses the generic term ‘language of Phoenicia’, ‘Phoenicia’ being the Greek exonym for Canaan.
בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֡וּא יִֽהְיוּ֩ חָמֵ֨שׁ עָרִ֜ים בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֗יִם מְדַבְּרוֹת֙ שְׂפַ֣ת כְּנַ֔עַן
transliterated: ⟨bayyồm hahû́ yihyû̀ ḥāmḕš ʿārî́m běʾèreṣ miṣráyim mădabbŏrồṯ săp̄àṯ kănáʿan⟩
English transcription: /bayyom hahou yihye hamesh areem be’eres misrayim madabboroth saphath kanaan/.
Translation: ‘in that day there will be five cities in Egypt speaking Canaan/Phoenicia’s language’
In constrast to a more general term as a ‘language of Phoenicia’, a more specific term is found in Kings II 18:26 whereby the language is refered to as ‘Judaean’, as in the language of the Kingdom of Judaea.
NB. each letter and diacritic in the Aramaic script is assigned a transliteration value in this work. The transcription is based on English orthography.
Phoenician Dialects ⟨ניבי כנענית⟩
- Ugaritic ⟨אגרתית⟩ attested c. 1,400 – 1,200 BCE (extinct)
- Northern Phoenician – ⟨כנענית צפונית⟩
- Tyro-Sidonian
- Punic ⟨כנענית⟩ c. 800 BCE – c. 400 CE (extinct)
- Tyro-Sidonian
- Southern Phoenician – ⟨כנענית דרומית⟩
- Biblical Hebrew
- Israeli ⟨כנענית ישראלית⟩ c. 930 – 700 BCE (extinct)
- Samaritan ⟨כנענית שומרנית⟩ c. 700 BCE – ?CE (Extinct)
- Judaean ⟨כנענית יהודית⟩ c. 930 BCE – c. 4th CE, (extinct), and revived 20th CE
- Israeli ⟨כנענית ישראלית⟩ c. 930 – 700 BCE (extinct)
- Biblical Hebrew
Judaean, in this work, includes all later forms of ‘Hebrew’, Mishnaic, Modern Hebrew etc. It’s phonology is based on the Masoretic/Tiberian vocalisation
Morphology
(Negatives)
| 𐤀𐤀𐤀𐤀 ⟨_⟩ // | אָֽיִן, אִַין ⟨l⟩ /ayin/ (יֵשׁ ≠) | there is no there are no there was no (≠ there is/are) |
| 𐤀𐤋 ⟨_⟩ // | אל ⟨l⟩ /al/ | negative of the non-indicative mood do not |
| 𐤀𐤀𐤀𐤀 ⟨_⟩ // | אָֽפֶס, אֶפֶס ⟨l⟩ /aphes, ephes/ | without lack of |
| 𐤀𐤀𐤀𐤀 ⟨_⟩ // | בִּלְתִּי ⟨l⟩ /bilty/ | negates infinitive constructs ‘to not’ before a noun: ‘besides, except, unless’ |
| 𐤀𐤀𐤀𐤀 ⟨_⟩ // | בַּל ⟨l⟩ /bal/ | poetic negative |
| 𐤀𐤀𐤀𐤀 ⟨_⟩ // | בְּלִי ⟨l⟩ /bely/ | with a finite verb: not with a participle: not with nouns: without |
| 𐤋𐤀 ⟨_⟩ // | לֹא ⟨l⟩ /lo/ | not |
אֵין־קָדוֹשׁ כַּה’ כִּי אֵין בִּלְתֶּֽךְ וְאֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵנוּ
‘There is no Holy One like Y-H-W-H, for there is none besides you, nor is there any rock like our G-d” (1 Sam. 2:2)
וֵאלֹהִים זוּלָתִי לֹא תֵדָע וּמוֹשִׁיעַ אַיִן בִּלְתִּי
‘and you shall no god but Me; for there is no Saviour besides Me” (Hos. 13:4)
רָשָׁע כְּגֹבַהּ אַפּוֹ בַּל־יִדְרשׁ אֵין אֱלֹהִים כָּל־מְזִמּוֹתָֽיו
‘The wicked in his proud countenance does not seek G-d; G-d is not in his thoughts” (Psa. 10:4)
אֲנִי וְאַפְסִי עוֹד
‘I am, and there is nothing else besides me” (Isa. 47:8, Zep. 2:15)
הַקִּצּוּרִים
(abbreviations)
| AH | Archaic Hebrew | |||
| עברית מקראית עברית תנ״כית יהודית | 12th – 587 BCE | BH | Biblical Hebrew | |
| עברית לימי בית השני | 587 BCE – 70CE | LBH | Late Biblical Hebrew | |
| 200 BCE – 70 CE | Qumran Hebrew | |||
| לשון חז״ל עברית משנאית לשון חכמים | חז״ל | 1st – 4th CE | RH / MH | Rabbinic Hebrew, Mishnaic Hebrew |
| RHT / MH | Rabbinic Hebrew of the Tannaim, Mishnaic Hebrew | |||
| RBA | Rabbinic Hebrew of the Amoraim | |||
| 750 CE – 950 CE | Tiberian / Masoretic Hebrew (vowels) | |||
| תקופת הביניים של העברית | Medieval Hebrew | |||
| עברית ישראלית | ע״י | 20th – current | IH | Israeli Hebrew |
Letters: א, ב, ג, ד, ה, ו, ז, ח, ט, י, כ, ל, מ, נ, ס, ע, פ, צ, ק, ר, ש, ש, ת
| בְּהַשְׁאָלָה | fig. | figurative | |
| בֵּינוֹנִי תתת | pp. | past participle | |
| בֵּינוֹנִי פָּעוּל | pp. | passive participle | |
| בְּלְֿשׁוֹן דִּבּוּר, דִבּוּרִי | coll. | colloquial | |
| זָכָר שֵׁם עֶצֶם מִמִּין זָכָר | ‘ז | m. | masculine |
| זָכָר זוּגִי | ז״ז | masucline noun dual | |
| זְמַן עָבַר | pt. | past tense | |
| יָחִיד | s., sing. | singular | |
| א) מִלַּת גּוּף, אוֹ ב) כִּנּוִי גוּף | מ״ג | pron. | pronoun |
| מִלַּת חִבּוּר | מ״ח | conj. | conjunction |
| מִלַּת יָֽחַס | מ״י | prep. | preposition |
| מִלַּת קְרִיאָה | מ״ק | inter. | interjection |
| מָקוֹר | inf. | infinitive | |
| נְקֵבָה שֵׁם עֶצֶם מִמִּין נְקֵבָה | ‘נ | f. fem. | feminine |
| נְקֵבָה זוּגִי | נ״ז | feminine dual | |
| עָגָה | sl. | slang | |
| פֹּעַל | ‘פ | v. | verb |
| פֹּעַל עֵזֶר | v.aux. | auxiliary verb | |
| פֹּעַל עוֹמֵד | פ״ע | intransitive verb | |
| פֹּעַל יוֹצֵא | פ״י | transitive verb | |
| צִוּוּי | imp. | imperative | |
| קִצּוּר | abbr. | abbreviation | |
| א) רְאֵה / רְאִי / רְאוּ ב) רַבִּים | ‘ר | a) b) pl. | a) see b) plural |
| שֵׁם מִסְפָּר | ש״מ | numeral | |
| שֵׁם עָֽצֶם | n. | noun | |
| שֵׁם פְּעֻלָּ֫ה | gerund | ||
| תֹּאַר (בְּצוּרַת יָחִיד זָכָר) | ‘ת | adjective | |
| תֹּאַר הַפֹּעַל | תה״פ | adv. | adverb |
| תֹּאַר הַשֵּׁם | תה״ש | adj. | adjective |
| תְּחִלִּית | ‘תח | Prefix: |
| חכמינו זכרונם לברכה | חז״ל | Hazal, lit. ‘our sages, (may) their memory (be) for a blessing’ | |
| לשון לחכמינו זכרונם לברכה, עִבְרִית משנאית | לשון חז״ל | The language of the Hazal, Mishnaic Hebrew | |
ב
| בָּֽתֵי הַסֵּ֫פֶר | בתה״ס | the schools | |
| בָּֽתֵי הַסֵּ֫פֶר | בתיה״ס | the schools | |
| בָּֽתֵי סֵפֶר | בתיה״ס | schools | |
| בִּֽתְשׁוּבָ֫ה | בתש’ | in reply |
ב
| זֵכֶר צַדִּיק לִבְרָכָה | זַצַ״ל | of blessed memory | |
| זֶרַע קְדוֹשִׁים | ז״ק | scions of saints | |
ג
| גְּבֶרֶת | גב’ | Madam, Mrs., Miss | |
| גֵּר תּוֹשֵׁב | ג״ת | lit. ‘a resident foreigner’ one who renounces idolatry |
ד
| דְּרִישַׁת שָׁלוֹם | דַּ״ש | best regards, greetings | |
| דָּבָר שֶׁלֹּא בָּא לָֽעוֹלָם | דשׁלב״ל | lit. ‘a thing that hasn’t come to the world’, something yet uncreated | |
| דּוֹרֵשׁ שְׁלוֹם תּוֹרָתוֹ | דשׁ״ת | said to a rabbi when paying one’s regards to him | |
| א) דִּין תּוֹרָה ב) דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה | ד״ת | 1) Jewish Law 2) Subject of the Tora |
ה
| הַנִּזְכָּר לְעֵיל | הַנַּ״ל | above, above-mentioned |
ת
| תָּו | ‘ת | t’ | Tau (letter) |
| אַַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת | ‘ת | 400 | four hundred |
| תֹּאַר | ‘ת | adj. | adjective degree (academic) |
| תַּרְְגּוּם | ‘ת | 1. translation; 2. Targum (Aramaic translation of scriptures) | |
| תֵּל אָבִיב | ת״א | T.A. | Tel Aviv |
| תַּפּוּחֵי אַדָמָה | ת״א | potatoes | |
| תּוֹסֶפֶת אַחֲרוֹנָה | ת״א | N.B. P.S. | nota bene, postscript |
| תֵּבַת דֹּאַר | ת״ד | P.O.B. | post-office box |
| תֹּאַר הַפֹּעַל | תה״פ | adv. | adverb |
| תֹּאַר הַשֵּׁם | תה״ש | adj. | adjective |
| תַּם וְנִשְׁלַם | ת״ו | comleted, finis, finished | |
| תְּחִלִּית | ‘תח | Prefix: | |
| תַּלְמִיד חָכָם | ת״ח | scholar, learned man | |
| תּוֹצָר מְקוֹמִי גָלְמִ֫י | תָּמָ״ג | GDP | gross domestic product |
| תּוֹֹרָה, נְבִיאִים, כְּתוּבִים | תַּנַ״ךְ | the Bible: Tora, Prophets, Hagiographia | |
| תְּהִי נַפְשׁוֹ צְרוּרָה בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים | תנצב״ה | may his soul be bound up in the bond of everlasting life | |
| תַּפּוּּד, תַּפּוּחַ אֲדָמָה | תַּפּוּ״ד | potato, lit. ‘ground apple’ | |
| תַּפּוּּז, תַּפּוּחַ זָהָב | תַּפּוּ״ז | orange, lit. ‘golden apple’ | |
| תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה | ת״ת | Talmud Tora, the study of the Tora/Divine Law |
מֻנָּחִים
(Terms)
א
| ‹___› אָאוֹרִסְט | /___/. Aorist: |
| ‹___› אָבְדַן נְטִיָּ֫ה | /___/. Deflexion: |
| ‹___› אִבּ֫וּן | /ibboun/. Fossilisation: |
| ‹___› אַבְלָא֫וּט | /ablaout/. Ablaut: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת אַבְסוֹלוּטִ֫יב | /___/. absolutive case: |
| ‹___› אִוּ֫וּי | /iwwouy/. Jussive, optative: |
| ‹___› אוֹת מְשָֽׁרֶ֫תֶת | /oth masharetheth/. Formative letter: |
| ‹___› אִיּ֫וּךְ | /iyyouch/. Modification: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת אִח֫וּי | /millath ihhouy/. Coordinator, coordinating word: |
| ‹___› אֻמְלָא֫וּט | /umlaout/. Umlaut: |
| ‹___› אַפּוֹפוֹנְיָ֫ה | /___/. Apophony: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת אֶרְגָּטִ֫יב | /___/. ergative case: |
ב
| ‹___› בֵּינוֹנִ֫י | /benony/. Participial,participle: |
| ‹___› בֵּינוֹנִי פוֹעֵ֫ל | /benony phoel/. Active participle: |
| ‹___› בֵּינוֹנִי פָע֫וּל | /benony paoul/. Passive participle: |
| ‹___› בִּנְיָ֫ן | /binyan/. Conjugation, verb pattern, verbal template: |
| ‹___› בִּנְיָן דָּג֫וּשׁ | /binyan dagoush/. D-stem, geminate verb pattern: |
| ‹___› בִּנְיָן כָּבֵ֫ד | /binyan kabed/. D-stem, geminate verb pattern: |
| ‹___› בִּנְיָן נִגְזָ֫ר | /binyan nigzar/. Derived template: |
| ‹___› בִּנְיָן קַ֫ל | /binyan kal/. B-stem, basic template, G-stem: |
| ‹___› בָּסִ֫יס | /basees/. Base: |
| ‹___› בַּעֲל֫וּת | /baalouth/. Possession: |
| ‹___› בַּעֲלוּת נְתִיקָ֫ה | /baalouth netheeka/. Alienable possession: |
| ‹___› בַּעֲלוּת צְמִיתָ֫ה | /baalouth semeetha/. Inalienable possession: |
ג
| ‹___› סִימַן גְּב֫וּל | /seeman guboul/. Boundary mark: |
| ‹___› גּוֹן־צוּרָ֫ן | /gon-souran/. Allomorph: |
| ‹___› גּ֫וּף | /gouph/. Person: |
| ‹___› גּוֹרֵ֫ם | /gorem/. Causative: |
| ‹___› גָּז֫וּר | /gazour/. Derivative: |
| ‹___› גְּזִירָ֫ה | /gezeera/. Derivation: |
| ‹___› גְּזִירָה לְאָח֫וֹר | /gezeera leachor/. Back-formation: |
| ‹___› גֶּ֫זַע | /geza/. Stem: |
| ‹___› גִּזְרָ֫ה ‹___› גִּזְרַת פ״א ‹___› גִּזְרַת פ״י ‹___› גִּזְרַת פ״נ ‹___› גִּזְרַת ע״ו ‹___› גִּזְרַת ע״י ‹___› גִּזְרַת ע״ע ‹___› גִּזְרַת ל״א ‹___› גִּזְרַת ל״י | /gizra/. Root type: I-‘ I-y I-n II-w II-y geminate root type III-‘ III-y |
| ‹___› גִּזָּר֫וֹן | /gizzaron/. Etymology: |
| ‹___› גְּרִימָ֫ה | /gereema/. Causation: |
| ‹___› גְּרֵרָ֫ה | /gerera/. Attraction: |
ד
| ‹___› בִּֽלְשׁוֹן הַדִּבּ֫וּר | /biloshon haddibbour/. Colloquial: lit. ‘in the spoken language’ |
| ‹___› דִּבּוּרִ֫י | /dibboury/. Colloquial: |
| ‹___› דּוֹמֵ֫ם | /domem/. Inanimate: |
| ‹___› דֶּ֫רֶךְ | /derech/. Modus, mood: |
ה
| ‹___› הֶבֵּ֫ט | /hebbet/. Aspect: |
| ‹___› הַגְדָּלָ֫ה | /hagdala/. Augmentation, augmentative: |
| ‹___› הִדַּמּ֫וּת | /hiddammouth/. Assimilation: |
| ‹___› הִדַּקְדְּק֫וּת | /hiddakdumouth/. Grammaticalisation, grammaticisation: |
| ‹___› הוֶֹ֫ה | /howe/. Present: |
| ‹___› הוֶֹה מְמֻשָּׁ֫ךְ | /howe mumusshach/. Present continuous, present progressive: |
| ‹___› הוֶֹה נִשְׁלָ֫ם | /howe nishlam/. Present perfect: |
| ‹___› הוֶֹה סִפּוּרִ֫י | /howe sippoury/. historical present: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת הֶקֵּפִ֫ית | /hosaphath hekkapheeth/. Circumfixation: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת מוּסָפִ֫ית | /hosaphath mousapheeth/. Affixation: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת סוֹפִ֫ית | /hosaphath sopheeth/. Suffixation: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת תּוֹכִ֫ית | /hosaphath tocheeth/. Infixation: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת תְּחִלִּ֫ית | /hosaphath tehilleeth/. Prefixation: |
| ‹___› הַכְפָּלָ֫ה | /hachpala/. Reduplication: |
| ‹___› הֶלְחֵ֫ם | /helhem/. Blend, clipped compound, portmanteau word: |
| ‹___› הַלְחָמָ֫ה | /halhama/. Blending: |
| ‹___› הֵעָדֵר סִמּ֫וּן | /header simmoun/. Zero marking: |
| ‹___› הַעֲצָמָ֫ה | /haasama/. Nominalisation, substantivisation: |
| ‹___› הִפּ֫וּךְ | /hippouch/. Inversion: |
| ‹___› עֵרֶךְ הַפְלָגָ֫ה | /erech haphlaga/. Superlative: |
| ‹___› הַצְבָּעָ֫ה | /hasbaa/. Deixis: |
| ‹___› הַצְמָדָ֫ה | /hasmada/. Juxtaposition: |
| ‹___› הַקְטָנָ֫ה | /haktana/. Diminuation, diminution, diminutive: |
| ‹___› הֶקֵּפִ֫ית | /hekkapheeth/. Circumfix: |
| ‹___› הֶקֵּ֫שׁ | /hekkesh/. Analogy: |
| ‹___› הֶקֵּשׁ יַחֲסִ֫י | /hekkesh yahasy/. Proportional analogy: |
| ‹___› הֶרְכֵּ֫ב | /herkeb/. Compound: |
| ‹___› הֶרְכֵּב מְאֻחֶ֫ה | /herkeb meuhe/. Dvandva: |
| ‹___› הַרְכָּבָ֫ה | /harkaba/. Compounding: |
| ‹___› הֶשְׁמֵ֫ט | /heshmet/. Ellipsis: |
| ‹___› הֶתְאֵ֫ם | /hethem/. Agreement: |
| ‹___› הַתְאָרָ֫ה | /hathara/. Adjectivisation: |
| ‹___› הִתּ֫וּךְ | /hittouch/. Fusion: |
| ‹___› הִתְקַצְּר֫וּת | /hithkassurouth/. Shortening: |
ז
| ‹___› זוּגִ֫י | /zougy/. Dual: |
| ‹___› זָכָ֫ר | /zachar/. Masculine: |
| ‹___› זְמַ֫ן | /zaman/. Tense: |
| ‹___› זְמַן מֻרְכָּ֫ב | /zaman murkab/. Compound tense: |
| ‹___› זְמַן פָּשׁ֫וּט | /zaman pashout/. Simple tense: |
| ‹___› זֵר֫וּז | /zerouz/. Cohortative: mood |
ח
| ‹___› חָב֫וּר | /chabour/. affixed: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת חִבּ֫וּר | /millath chibbour/. Conjunction, coordinator, coordinating word: |
| ‹___› חִוּ֫וּי | /hiwwouy/. Indicative: mood |
| ‹___› חִזְר֫וּר | /hizrour/. Iteration: |
| ‹___› חַ֫י | /hay/. Animate: |
| ‹___› לֹא חַ֫י | /lo hay/. Inanimate: |
| ‹___› חִיּוּבִ֫י | /hiyyouby/. Affirmative: |
| ‹___› חִלּ֫וּף | /hillouph/. Variation: |
| ‹___› חֲלוּפָ֫ה | /hilloupha/. Variant: |
| ‹___› חִלּוּץ מוּסָפִ֫ית | /hillous mousapheeth/. Affix secretion: |
| ‹___› חֵלֶק דִבֵּ֫ר | /helek dibber/. Part of speech, word class: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת חֵ֫לֶק | /yahasath helek/. partitive case: |
ט
| ‹___› טְבִיעַת מֻנָּ֫ח | /tebeeath munnah/. Coinage: |
י
| ‹___› יִדּ֫וּעַ | /yiddoua/. Definiteness, determination: |
| ‹___› אִי־יִדּ֫וּעַ | /ee-yiddoua/. Indefiniteness, indetermination: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת יַ֫חַד | /yahasath yahad/. Comitative case: |
| ‹___› יָחִ֫יד | /yaheed/. Singular: |
| ‹___› יָחִיד תְּמִידִ֫י | /yaheed temeedy/. Singularia tantum, singularis tantum: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת יַ֫חַס | /millath yahas/. Adposition, preposition: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת יַחַס סוֹפִ֫ית | /millath yahas sopheeth/. Postposition: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת יַחַס תְּחִלִּ֫ית | /millath yahas tehilleeth/. Preposition: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסָ֫ה | /yahasa/. Case: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסָה מְשֻׁתֶּ֫פֶת | /yahasa mushuttepheth/. Common case: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת יַ֫עַד | /yahasath yaad/. allative case: |
| ‹___› עֵרֶךְ יִתְר֫וֹן | /erech yithron/. Comparative: |
כ
| ‹___› מִלַּת כִּלְאַ֫יִם | /millath kilayim/. Hybrid word: |
| ‹___, כִּנּ֫וּי | /kinnouy/. Pronoun |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי גּ֫וּף | /kinnouy gouph/. Personal pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי הֲדָדִ֫י | /kinnouy hadady/. Reciprocal pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי זִקָּ֫ה | /kinnouy zikka/. Relative pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי חָב֫וּר | /kinnouy habour/. Affixed pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי חוֹזֵ֫ר | /kinnouy hozer/. Reflexive pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי מַצְבִּ֫יעַ | /kinnouy masbeea/. Deictic pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי מַקְדִּ֫ים | /kinnouy makdeem/. Cataphoric pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי מֻשָּׂ֫א | /kinnouy mussa/. Object pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי סְתָמִ֫י | /kinnouy sathamy/. Indefinite pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי פָּר֫וּד | /kinnouy sathamy/. Indefinite pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי קִנְיָ֫ן | /kinnouy kinyan/. Independent pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי רֶ֫מֶז | /kinnouy remez/. Demonstrative pronoun: |
| ‹___› כִּנּוּי שְׁאֵלָ֫ה | /kinnouy shela/. Interrogative pronoun: |
| ‹___, כִּנִּ֫ים | /kinneem/. Pronouns |
| ‹___› כְּפֵלָ֫ה | /kephela/. Doublet: |
ל
| ‹___› לָשׁ֫וֹן | /lashon/. Language: |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן אָנָלִיטִ֫ית | /lashon analeeteeth/. Analytic language: |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן מְבוֹדֶ֫דֶת | /lashon mobodedeth/. Isolating language |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן מִדְבָּקִ֫ית | /lashon midbakeeth/. Agglutinative language: |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן מְשַׁלֶּ֫בֶת | /lashon mashallecheth/. Incorporating language: |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן מַתִּיכָ֫ה | /lashon matteecha/. Fusional language: |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן סִנְתֵּטִ֫ית | /lashon sinteteeth/. Synthetic language: |
| ‹___› לָשׁוֹן פּוֹלִיסִנְתֵּטִ֫ית | /lashon poleesinteteeth/. Polysynthetic language: |
מ
| ‹___› מְאַיֵּ֫ךְ | /meayyech/. Modifier: |
| ‹___› מַגְדִּ֫יר | /magdeer/. Determiner: |
| ‹___› מֻגְדָּ֫ל | /mugdal/. Augmentative: |
| ‹___› מֻגְמָ֫ר | /mugmar/. Perfective: |
| ‹___› לֹא מֻגְמָ֫ר | /lo mugmar/. Imperfective: |
| ‹___› מִדְבָּ֫ק | /midbak/. Agglutination: |
| ‹___› מוּסָפִ֫ית | /mousapheeth/. Affix: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת מוּסָפִ֫ית | /hosaphath mousapheeth/. Affixation: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת מוֹצָ֫א | /yahasath mosa/. Ablative case: |
| ‹___› מְיַדֵּ֫עַ | /miyaddea/. Determiner: |
| ‹___› מְיֻדָּ֫ע | /miyudda/. Definite |
| ‹___› לֹא מְיֻדָּ֫ע | /lo miyudda/. Indefinite |
| ‹___› מִין | /meen/. Gender |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת מַכְשִׁ֫יר | /yahasath machsheer/. Instrumental case: |
| ‹___› מִלָּה גָּלְמִ֫ית | /milla golmeeth/. Indivisible word: |
| ‹___› מִלָּה זָרָ֫ה | /milla zara/. Foreign Word: |
| ‹___› מִלָּה יְחִידָאִ֫ית | /milla yiheedaeeth/. Hapax legomenon: |
| ‹millā̀ šŭʾûlā́› מִלָּה שְׁאוּלָ֫ה | /milla sheoula/. Borrowed word, loanword: |
| ‹___› מִלּ֫וּן | /milloun/. Lexicalisation: |
| ‹___› חַד־מִלִּ֫י | /had-milly/. Holophrastic: |
| ‹___› מִלִּ֫ית | /milleeth/. Particle: |
| ‹___› מִמּ֫וּשׁ | /mimmoush/. Realisation: |
| ‹___› מְמַיֵּ֫ן | /mamayyen/. Classifier: |
| ‹___› מְסֻמְנָנ֫וּת | /musumnanout/. markedness: |
| ‹___› מִסְפָּ֫ר | /mispar/. number, numeral: |
| ‹___› מִסְפָּר כִּפְלִ֫י | /mispar kiphly/. multiplicative number/numeral: |
| ‹___› מִסְפָּר מוֹנֶ֫ה | /mispar mone/. Cardinal number/numeral: |
| ‹___› מִסְפָּר סוֹדֵ֫ר | /mispar soder/. Ordinal number/numeral: |
| ‹___› מִסְפָּר סְתָמִ֫י | /mispar sathamy/. Abstract number/numeral: |
| ‹___› מִסְפָּר שִׁבְרִ֫י | /mispar shibry/. Fractional number/numeral: |
| ‹___› מַעֲצִ֫ים | /maaseem/. Nominaliser: |
| ‹___› מַעֲקֹבֶת זְמַנִּ֫ים | /maakobeth zamanneem/. Sequence of tenses: |
| ‹___› מַעֲרֶכֶת נְטִיָּ֫ה | /maarecheth netiyya/. Paradigm: |
| ‹___› מַצָּ֫ב | /massab/. State: |
| ‹___› מַצָּב מְיֻדָּ֫ע | /massab miyudda/. Emphatic state, status emphaticus: |
| ‹___› מַצָּב נִסְמָ֫ךְ | /massab nismach/. Construct state, status constructus: |
| ‹___› מַצָּב נִפְרָ֫ד | /massab niphrad/. Absolute state, status absolutus: |
| ‹___› מַצָּב נִצְמָ֫ד | /massab nismad/. Pronominal state, status pronominalis: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת מַקְבֵּ֫ל | /yahasath makabbel/. Dative case: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת מָק֫וֹם | /yahasath makom/. Locative case: |
| ‹___› מָק֫וֹר | /makor/. Infinitive: |
| ‹___› מָקוֹר מֻחְלָ֫ט | /makor muhlat/. Infinitive absolute: |
| ‹___› מָקוֹר נָט֫וּי | /___/. Infinitive construct: |
| ‹___› מָקוֹר נִסְמָ֫ךְ | /___/. Infinitive construct: |
| ‹___› מֻקְטָ֫ן | /moktan/. Diminutive: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת מֻשָּׂא יָשִׁ֫יר | /yahasath mussa yasheer/. Accusative case: |
| ‹___› מִשְׁאָלָ֫ה | /mishala/. Optative: |
| ‹___› מְשַׁעְבֵּ֫ד | /mashabed/. Subordinator: |
| ‹___› מִשְׁקָ֫ל | /mishkal/. Noun pattern: |
| ‹___› מְתָאֵ֫ר | /mathaer/. Attributive: |
| ‹___› מַתַּן שִׁיּ֫וּם | /mattan shiyyoum/. Naming: |
נ
| ‹___› נִגְזָ֫ר | /nigzar/. Derivative: |
| ‹___› נוּן הַחִזּ֫וּק | /noun hahhizzouk/. Ernergic nun, nun energicum: |
| ‹___› נוֹטָרִיק֫וֹן | /notareekon/. Abbreviation, acronym: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת נוֹשֵׂ֫א | /yahasath nose/. Nominative: |
| ‹___› נְטִיָּ֫ה | /netiyya/. conjugation, declension, inflection: |
| ‹___› נְטִיָּה חֲסֵרָ֫ה | /netiyya hasera/. defective paradigm, deficient paradigm: |
| ‹___› נְטִיַּת פֹּ֫עַל | /netiyyath poal/. conjugation: |
| ‹___› נְטִיַּת שֵׁ֫ם | /netiyyath shem/. declension: |
| ‹___› דְּפוּס נְטִיָּ֫ה | /duphous netiyya/. Conjugation, declension, inflectional pattern: |
| ‹___› דְּפוּס נְטִיָּה חָזָ֫ק | /duphous netiyya hazak/. strong inflection: |
| ‹___› דְּפוּס נְטִיָּה חַלָּ֫שׁ | /duphous netiyya hallash/. weak inflection: |
| ‹___› נֶ֫טַע | /neta/. stem: |
| ‹___› נִטְר֫וּל | /nitroul/. neutralisation: |
| ‹___› נִסְבָּ֫ה | /nisba/. Gentilic, nisba: |
| ‹___› נִסְמָ֫ךְ | /nismach/. governing noun, nomen regens: |
| ‹___› נְקֵבָ֫ה | /nekeba/. feminine: |
| ‹___› נִשְׁלָ֫ם | /nishlam/. Perfect: |
| ‹___› הוֶֹה נִשְׁלָ֫ם | /howe nishlam/. Present perfect: |
| ‹___› לֹא נִשְׁלָ֫ם | /lo nishlam/. Imperfect: |
| ‹___› נִתְמָ֫ךְ | /nithmach/. Clitic: |
| ‹___› נִתְמָךְ מֻפְשָׁ֫ט | /nithmach muphshat/. Abstract clitic: |
| ‹___› נִתְמָךְ מִצְעִ֫י | /nithmach misey/. endoclitic, mesoclitic: |
| ‹___› נִתְמָךְ סוֹפִ֫י | /nithmach sophy/. enclitic: |
| ‹___› נִתְמָךְ תְּחִלִּ֫י | /nithmach tehilly/. proclitic: |
ס
| ‹___› סָבִ֫יל | /sabeel/. Passive: |
| ‹___› סְגוֹלִ֫י | /sogoly/. Segolate: |
| ‹___› לֹא סָדִ֫יר | /la sadeer/. Irregular: |
| ‹___› סְדִיר֫וּת | /sedeerouth/. Regularity: |
| ‹___› אִי־סְדִיר֫וּת | /ee-sedeerouth/. Irregularity: |
| ‹___› סוֹמֵ֫ךְ | /somech/. Governed noun, nomen rectum: |
| ‹___› סוֹפִ֫ית | /sopheeth/. Suffix: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת סוֹפִ֫ית | /hosaphath sopheeth/. Suffixation: |
| ‹___› סִיֹּ֫מֶת | /siyyometh/. Ending: |
| ‹___› סְמִיכ֫וּת | /semeechouth/. Construct state, status constructus: |
| ‹___› לֹא סָפִ֫יר | /la sapheer/. Uncountable, mass (noun): |
| ‹___› סִתּ֫וּם | /sittoum/. Indefiniteness: |
| ‹___› סְתָמִ֫י | /sathamy/. Neuter: |
ע
| ‹___› עָבָ֫ר | /abar/. Past: |
| ‹___› עָבָר לְעָבָ֫ר | /abar leabar/. Pluperfect: |
| ‹___› עָבָר מְמֻשָּׁ֫ךְ | /abar mumusshach/. past continuous, past progressive: |
| ‹___› עָבָר נְבוּאִ֫י | /abar nubouee/. perfectum propheticum, prophetic perfect: |
| ‹___› עָבָר נִשְׁלָ֫ם | /abar nishlam/. Past perfect: |
| ‹___› עָבָר קוֹדֵ֫ם | /abar kodem/. Past anterior: |
| ‹___› עֽוֹדְפ֫וּת | /oduphouth/. Redundancy: |
| ‹___› עֶמְדָּ֫ה | /emda/. Slot: |
| ‹___› דּוּ־עִצּוּרִ֫י | /dou-issoury/. Biliteral, biradical: |
| ‹___› חַד־עִצּוּרִ֫י | /had-issoury/. Monoradical: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסָה עֲקִיפָ֫ה | /yahasa akeepha/. Oblique case: |
| ‹___› עֵרוּב צוּר֫וֹת | /eroub souroth/. Contamination: |
| ‹___› עֵרֶךְ מִלּוֹנִ֫י | /erech millony/. lemma, lexical entry, lexical item: |
| ‹___› עָתִ֫יד | /atheed/. future: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד בֶּעָבָ֫ר | /atheed beabar/. Future in the past: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד מָאֳרָ֫ךְ | /atheed morach/. Cohortative future: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד מְדֻיָּ֫ק | /atheed muduyyak/. Futurum exactum, exact future: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד מְחֻזָּ֫ק | /atheed muhuzzak/. energic future: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד מְמֻשָּׁ֫ךְ | /atheed mumusshach/. Future continuous, future progressive: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד מְקֻצָּ֫ר | /atheed mukussar/. Jussive future: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד נִשְׁלָ֫ם | /atheed nishlam/. future perfect: |
| ‹___› עָתִיד קוֹדֵ֫ם | /atheed kodem/. anterior perfect: |
פ
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת פְּנִיָּ֫ה | /yahasath peniyya/. Vocative case: |
| ‹___› צוּרַת פְּנִיָּ֫ה ‹___› צוּרַת פְּנִיָּה רְגִילָ֫ה ‹___› צוּרַת פְּנִיָּה שֶׁלְּכָב֫וֹד | /sourath peniyya/. Form of address: /sourath peniyya regeela/. T-form: /sourath peniyya shellachabod/. V-form: |
| ‹___› פָע֫וּל | /paoul/. Passive participle: |
| ‹pṓʿal› פֹּעַל | /poal/. Verb: |
| ‹pṑʿal ___› פֹּעַל יוֹצֵ֫א | /poal yose/. Transitive verb: |
| ‹pṑʿal nŭśûʾî́› פֹּעַל נְשׂוּאִ֫י תַּרְגּוּם שְׁאִילָ֫ה מערבית فعل خبري | /poal nusoui/. Stative verb. |
| ‹pṑʿal ___› פֹּעַל עוֹמֵ֫ד | /poal omed/. Intransitive verb: |
| ‹pṑʿal ___› פֹּעַל עֵ֫זֶר | /poal ezer/. Auxiliary verb: |
| ‹pṑʿal ___› פֹּעַל עָל֫וּל | /poal aloul/. Weak verb: |
| ‹___ pṓʿal› גְּזוּר פֹּ֫עַל | /guzour poal/. Deverbal: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם פֹּ֫עַל | /shem poal/. Gerund, infinitive: |
| ‹___ pṓʿal› תֹּאַר פֹּ֫עַל | /toar poal/. Adverb: |
| ‹___ ___ pṓʿal› גְּזוּר תֹּאַר פֹּ֫עַל | /guzour toar poal/. Deadverbial: |
| ‹___› פִּקּ֫וּד | /pikkoud/. Jussive: |
צ
| ‹___› צִוּ֫וּי | /siwwouy/. Imperative: |
| ‹___› צִוּוּי מָאֳרָ֫ךְ | /siwwouy morach/. Cohortative imperative: |
| ‹___› צִוּוּי מְקֻצָּ֫ר | /siwwouy mukussar/. Jussive imperative: |
| ‹___› צוּרָה מְשֻׁחְזֶ֫רֶת | /soura mushuhzereth/. Protoform, reconstructed form: |
| ‹___› צוּרַת זִיל֫וּת | /sourath zeelouth/. Deteriorative form, pejorative form: |
| ‹___› צוּרַת חִבָּ֫ה | /sourath hibba/. Hypocoristic form,: |
| ‹___› צוּרַת יִח֫וּס | /sourath yihhous/. Gentilic form: |
| ‹___› צוּרַת כָּב֫וֹד | /sourath kabod/. Honorific: |
| ‹___› תּוֹרַת צוּר֫וֹת | /torath souroth/. Morphology: |
| ‹___› צוּרָ֫ן | /souran/. Morpheme: |
| ‹___› גּוֹן־צוּרָ֫ן | /gon-souran/. Allomorph: |
| ‹___› רַב־צוּרָ֫ן | /rab-souran/. Polymorph: |
| ‹___› רַב־צוּרָנִיּ֫וּת | /rab-souraniyyoth/. Polymorphism: |
| ‹___› צֵרוּף סְמִיכ֫וּת | /seouph semeechouth/. Construct phrase: |
ק
| ‹___› קָטְבִּיּ֫וּת | /kotbiyyouth/. Polarity: |
| ‹___› יַחֲסַת קִנְיָ֫ן | /yahasath kinyan/. Genitive case: |
| ‹___› קִצּ֫וּץ | /kissous/. clipping, curtailing, truncation: |
| ‹___› קִצּ֫וּר | /kissour/. Abbreviation: |
| ‹___› קְרִיאָ֫ה | /kereea/. Exclamation: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת קְרִיאָ֫ה | /millath kereea/. Interjection: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת קִשּׁ֫וּר | /millath kisshour/. Conjunction, connector: |
ר
| ‹___› רֹאשֵי תֵב֫וֹת | /roshe theboth/. Acronym. |
| ‹___› רִבּוּי ‹___› רִבּוּי כָּב֫וֹד ‹___› רִבּוּי שָׁב֫וּר ‹___› רִבּוּי שָׁלֵ֫ם ‹___› רִבּוּי תְּמִידִ֫י | /ribbouy/. Plural. /ribbouy kabod/. Pluralis majestatis, pluralis tantum. /ribbouy shabour/. Borken plural. /ribbouy shalem/. Sound plural. /ribbouy temeedy/. Pluralia tantum, pluralis tantum. |
| ‹___› רַבּ֫וֹת צוֹרוֹת רַבּוֹת | /rabboth/. Feminine plural. the feminine plural form |
| ‹___› רַבִּ֫ים צוֹרוֹת רַבִּים | /rabbeem/. Masculine plural. the feminine plural form |
| ‹___› רְכִ֫יב | /recheeb/. constituent: |
| ‹___› רְכִיב סוֹפִ֫י | /recheeb sophy/. Postformative: |
| ‹___› רְכִיב תְּחִלִּ֫י | /recheeb tehilly/. Preformative: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת רְפָאִ֫ים | /millath raphaeem/. Ghost word, phatom word, vox nihili: |
| ‹___› רֶצֶף זְמַנִּ֫ים | /reseph zamanneem/. Sequence of tenses: |
ש
| ‹___› מִלַּת שְׁאֵלָ֫ה | /millath shiela/. interrogative (word), question word: |
| ‹___› שׁוֹנ֫וּת | /shonouth/. variance |
| ‹___› שִׁיּ֫וּם | /shiyyoum/. naming: |
| ‹___› שִׂכּוּל אותיות | /sikkoul otiyyouth/. Metathesis |
| ‹___› שְׁלִילָ֫ה א | /sheleela/. negation: |
| ‹___› שֵׁ֫ם | /shem/. nominal, noun, substantive: ????? |
| ‹___› שֵׁם זָכָר וּֽנְקֵבָ֫ה | /shem zachar ounekeba/. epicene noun: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם כְּלָלִ֫י | /shem kalaly/. common noun: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם מִסְפָּ֫ר | /shem mispar/. number, umeral: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם מֻפְשָׁ֫ט | /shem muphshat/. abstract noun: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם עֶ֫צֶם | /shem esem/. nominal, noun, substantive: ???? |
| ‹___› שֵׁם עֶצֶם סָפִ֫יר | /shem esem sapeer/. countable noun: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם פֹּעַל | /shem poal/. Gerund, infinitive: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם פְּעֻלָּ֫ה | /shem peoula/. action noun, action nominal, gerund, nomen actionis, verbal noun: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם קִבּוּצִ֫י | /shem kibbousi/. Collective noun: |
| ‹___› שֵׁם תֹּאַ֫ר | /shem toar/. Adjective |
| ‹___› גְּזוּר שֵׁ֫ם | /guzour shem/. Denominative: |
| ‹___› נְטִיַּת שֵׁ֫ם | /netiyyath shem/. Declension: |
| ‹___› מַחְלָקָה שֵׁמָנִ֫ית | /mahlaka shemaneeth/. Noun class: |
| ‹___› מִלַּת שִׁעְבּ֫וּד | /millath shiaboud/. Subordinating particle, subordinating word: |
| ‹___› שֹׁ֫רֶשׁ | /shoresh/. root: |
| ‹___› שֹׁרֶשׁ חָל֫וּל | /shoresh haloul/. hollow root: |
| ‹___› שֹׁרֶשׁ עָל֫וּל | /shoresh aloul/. weak root: |
| ‹___› שִׁרְשׁ֫וּר | /shirshour/. concatenation: |
| ‹___› שָׁרְשָׁ֫ן | /shorshan/. radical: |
ת
| ‹___› תֹּאַ֫ר | /toar/. Adjective |
| ‹___ pṓʿal› תֹּאַר פֹּ֫עַל | /toar/. Adverb |
| ‹___› גְּזוּר תֹּ֫אַר | /guzour toar/. Deadjectival |
| ‹___› שֵׁם תֹּאַ֫ר | /shem toar/. Adjective |
| ‹___› תַּבְנִ֫ית | /tabneeth/. Pattern: |
| ‹___› תָּוִ֫ית | /taweeth/. article: |
| ‹___› תָּוִית סִתּ֫וּם | /taweeth sittoum/. indefinite article: |
| ‹___› תָּוִית אִי־יִדּ֫וּעַ | /taweeth ee-yiddoua/. indefinite article: |
| ‹___› תָּוִית יִדּ֫וּעַ | /taweeth yiddoua/. definite article: |
| ‹___› תּוֹכִ֫ית | /tocheeth/. Infix: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת תּוֹכִ֫ית | /hosaphath tocheeth/. Infixation: |
| ‹___› תּוֹסֶ֫פֶת | /tosepheth/. Augment: |
| ‹___› תְּזוּזָה אַב־סוּגִ֫ית | /tuzouza ab-sougeeth/. Conversion |
| ‹___› תַּחְבִּ֫יר | /tahbeer/. Syntax |
| ‹___› תַּחְדִּ֫ישׁ | /tahdeesh/. Neologism, word-coining: |
| ‹___› תְּחִלִּ֫ית | /tihilleeth/. Prefix: |
| ‹___› הוֹסָפַת תְּחִלִּ֫ית | /hosaphath tehilleeth/. Prefixation: |
| ‹___› תִּיכ֫וֹן | /teechon/. Middle: voice |
| ‹___› מִלַּת תֹּ֫כֶן | /millath tochen/. Content word: |
| ‹___› תִּלּ֫וּי | /tillouy/. Subjunctive: mood |
| ‹___› תַּלְכִּיד נְטִיָּ֫ה | /talcheed netiyya/. Syncretism: |
| ‹tŭmûrā́› תְּמוּרָ֫ה | /tumoura/. Apposition |
| ‹___› מִלַּת תֶּ֫מֶךְ | /millath temech/. Prop, word-prop: |
| ‹tŭnûʿā́› תְּנוּעָ֫ה | /tunoua/. Vowel |
| ‹___› מִלַּת תַּפְקִ֫יד | /millath taphkeed/. Function word, functor, structure word: |
| ‹tŭṣûrā́› תְּצוּרָ֫ה | /tusoura/. Word formation |
| ‹___› תְּצוּרָה לְאָח֫וֹר | /tusoura leachor/. Back-formation |
| ‹___› תְּצוּרָה לִשְׁעָתָ֫הּ | /tusoura lisheathah/. Ad hoc formation |
| ‹___› תְּצוּרַת מִלִּ֫ים | /tusourath milleem/. Word formation |
| ‹targû̀m šĭʾîlā́› תַּרְגּוּם שְׁאִילָ֫ה | /targoum sheela/. Calque, loan translation |
| ‹tašlî́m› תַּשְׁלִ֫ים | /tashleem/. Suppletion |
| ‹tašnî́ṯ› תַּשְׁנִ֫ית | /tashneeth/. Mutation |
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