Arabic

العربية

Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by over 400 million people across the Middle East, North Africa, and other parts of the world. It is the official language of more than 20 countries and has a rich literary and cultural tradition. Arabic exists in two main forms: Modern Standard Arabic, used in formal settings, and various regional dialects used in everyday speech. Known for its flowing script and right-to-left writing direction, Arabic—like other Semitic languages—uses a root-based vocabulary system, where words are formed from sets of core consonants that carry related meanings.

الْحُرُوف ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة

(the alphabet and phonology)

ا, ب, ت, ث, ج, ح, خ, د, ذ, ر, ز, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ك, ل, م, ن, ه, و, ي, ء

ث	ت	ب	ا
د	خ	ح	ج
س	ز	ر	ذ
ط	ض	ص	ش
ف	غ	ع	ظ
م	ل	ك	ق
ى	و	ه	ن
		ة	ء

Like Syriac and Hebrew, Arabic is written and read from right to left.

The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters.

The letters of the Arabic alphabet, being derived from Syriac, are all consonants. Three letters ⟨ا⟩, ⟨و⟩ and ⟨ى⟩ are also used to represent long vowels.

⟨ى⟩ XXX –

⟨ا⟩		[ˈ ʔa.lif]
⟨ب⟩	b	[ˈ baːʔ] As “b”
⟨ت⟩	t	[ˈ taːʔ]
⟨ث⟩	ṯ	[ˈ θaːʔ]. The letter Thaa as the “th” in ____
⟨ج⟩	j / ǧ	[ˈ d͡ʒiːm]
⟨ح⟩	ḥ	[ˈ ħaːʔ]
⟨خ⟩	ḫ	[ˈ χaːʔ] ʾbtṯj/ǧḥḫdḏrzsšṣḍṭẓʿġfqklmnhwy
⟨د⟩	d	[ˈ daːl]
⟨ذ⟩	ḏ	[ˈ ðaːl]
⟨ر⟩	r	[ˈ raːʔ]
⟨ز⟩	z	[ˈ zaːʔ]
⟨س⟩	s	[ˈ siːn]
⟨ش⟩	š	[ˈ ʃiːn]
⟨ص⟩	ṣ	[ˈ sˤaːd]
⟨ض⟩	ḍ	[ˈ dˤaːd]
⟨ط⟩	ṭ	[ˈ tˤaːʔ]
⟨ظ⟩	ẓ	[ˈ ðˤaːʔ], Standard Arabic pronounced [ðˤ]
⟨ع⟩	ʿ	[ˈ ʕajn]
⟨غ⟩	ġ	[ˈ ɣajn]
⟨ف⟩	f	[ˈ faːʔ]
⟨ق⟩	q	[ˈ qaːf]
⟨ك⟩	k	[ˈ kaːf]
⟨ل⟩	l	[ˈ lām]
⟨م⟩	m	[ˈ miːm]
⟨ن⟩	n	[ˈ nuːn]
⟨ه⟩	h	[ˈ hāʔ]
⟨و⟩	w	[ˈ waːw], (wāw)
⟨ى⟩		[ˈ ]
⟨ي⟩	y	[ˈ jāʔ] (ya_

⟨ا⟩	_{_𐩱}
⟨ب⟩	_{_𐩨}	As “b”
⟨ت⟩	_{_𐩩}
⟨ث⟩	_{_𐩻}	ṯ
⟨ج⟩	_{_𐩴}
⟨ح⟩	_{_𐩢}
⟨خ⟩	_{_𐩭}
⟨د⟩	_{_𐩵}
⟨ذ⟩	_{_𐩹}
⟨ر⟩	_{_𐩧}
⟨ز⟩	_{_{_{_𐩸}}}
⟨س⟩	_{_𐩯} _{_𐩪}	s³ s¹
⟨ش⟩	_{_{_{_𐩦}}}	s²
⟨ص⟩	_{_𐩮}
⟨ض⟩	_{_𐩳}
⟨ط⟩	_{_𐩷}
⟨ظ⟩	_{_𐩼}
⟨ع⟩	_{_𐩲}
⟨غ⟩	_{_𐩶}
⟨ف⟩	_{_𐩰}
⟨ق⟩	_{_𐩤}
⟨ك⟩	_{_𐩫}
⟨ل⟩	_{_𐩡}
⟨م⟩	_{_𐩣}
⟨ن⟩	_{_𐩬}
⟨ه⟩	_{_𐩠}
⟨و⟩	_{_𐩥}
⟨ى⟩	_{_𐩺}

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			ا
ــب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
ــت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
ــث	ـثـ	ثـ	ث
ــج	ـجـ	جـ	ج
ــح	ـجـ	حـ	ح
ــخ	ـخـ	خـ	خ
ــد	ـد	–	د
ــذ	ـذ	–	ذ
ـرـ	ـر	–	ر
ــز	ـز	–	ز
ــس	ـسـ	سـ	س
ــش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
ــص	ـصـ	صـ	ص
ــض	ـضـ	ضـ	ض
ــط	ـطـ	طـ	ط
ــظ	ـظـ	ظـ	ظ
ــع	ـعـ	عـ	ع
ــغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
ــف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
ــق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
ــك	ـكـ	كـ	ك
ــل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
ــم	ـمـ	مـ	م
ــن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
ــه	ـهـ	هـ	ه
ـو	ـو	–	و
ــي	ـيـ	يـ	ي

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الحركات

(vowels)

Arabic vowels are represented by diacritics called “harakat” placed above or below the consonants. There are three short vowels and three long vowels:

Short vowels:

Fatha (ـَ): Represents the sound “a” as in “cat”.
Kasra (ـِ): Represents the sound “i” as in “sit”.
Damma (ـُ): Represents the sound “u” as in “put”.

Long vowels:

Alif (ا): Represents the sound “aa” as in “father”.
Waw (و): Represents the sound “uu” as in “boot”.
Ya (ي): Represents the sound “ii” as in “feet”.

In Modern Standard Arabic, short vowels are often omitted in writing, making it challenging for beginners to read and pronounce words correctly. However, in many dialects, short vowels are pronounced and sometimes even written.

أداة تَعرِيف

(the definite article)

ضَمِير

(pronouns)

اسماء الاشارة وحروف الاستفهام

اسم (الاسماء)

(adjectives, nouns & participles)

Nouns are the part of speech which are used in naming people, places, animals or things.

Person: رَجُلٌ

animals: كَلَبٌ

places: بَيْتٌ

things: كِتَابٌ

They can be classified in the following ways.

a) names of species اِسْمُ ٱلْجِنْسِ

concrete nouns اِسْمُ ذَاتٍ, for example:
abstract nouns اِسْمُ مَعْنًى, for example: language; love;

b) proper nouns

اِسْمُ عَلَمٍ

(proper noun)

A proper noun is a specific name for a person, place, or thing. Proper nouns in Arabic are always definite and so can be the subject of a nominal sentence

سَعِيد طَالِبٌ Sa’eed is a student

بَيْرُوتُ مَدِينَةٌ جَمِيلَةٌ Beirut is a lovely city.

Proper nouns in Arabic

(اسْم عَلَمٍ مُذَكَّر)

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اِسْمُ صِفَةٍ

(adjective)

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. It tells us more about the noun or pronoun by adding information like color, size, shape, or quality.

Here are some examples:

The red ball is big and round.
The happy girl is tall and thin.
The delicious cake is sweet and moist.

In these examples, the adjectives are in bold. They tell us more about the nouns “ball,” “girl,” and “cake.”

اسن عَدَد

(numbers)

(cardinal numbers)

___

(preposition)

zero 0 – صِفْرٌ ٠

zero 1 – وَاحِدٌ ١

two 2 – اِثْنَانِ ٢

three 3 – ثَلَاثٌ ٣

four 4 – أَرْبَعٌ ٤

five 5 – خَمْسٌ ٥

six 6 – سِتٌّ ٦

seven 7 – سَبْعٌ ٧

eight 8 – ثَمَانٍ ٨

nine 9 – تِسْعٌ ٩

٠, ١, ٢, ٣, ٤, ٥, ٦, ٧, ٨, ٩

١٠, ١١, ١٢, ١٣, ١٤, ١٥, ١٦, ١٧, ١٨, ١٩, ٢٠

حَرْفُ جَرٍّ

(preposition)

مِنْ = from

جمع مذكر – مؤبث	مثنى مذكر – مؤبث	مفرد مذكر – مؤبث
بِنَا	بِنَا	بِي	الْمتكلم
بِكُمْ – بِكُنَّ	بِكُمَا	يِكَ – يِكِ	الْمخاطب
بِهِمْ – بِهِنَّ	بِهِمَا	بِهِ – بِهَا	الغائب

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فِعل

(verb)

ظَرف

(adverb)

حَرف عَطف

(conjunction)

Abairt*********

(phrases)

(proper nouns)

المصدر al-masdar, verbal noun

اسم الفاعل ismu l-faail, active participle

اسم المفعول ismu l-mafuul , passive participle

أَقْسَامُ الْكَلَامِ) قِسْمُ الْكَلَامِ) – part(s) of speech = الاسماء, الافعال, الحرعف

حَرْفُ ٱلنِّدَاءِ – vocative particle يَا

Abbreviations – الختصارات


اِسْمُ صِفَةٍ	ص	adj.	adjective
ظَرف	ظ	adv.	adverb
حال	ح	adv.	adverb
أداة تَعرِيف		art.	article
فِعل مُساعد		v.aux.	auxiliary verb
أداة شَرط	أ شر		conditional
حَرف عَطف		conj.	conjunction
صيغة مُختَصَرة		contr.	contracted form
أداة إشارة	أ إش		demonstrative
تَعَجُّب		excl.	exclamation
مُؤَنَّث	م		feminine
تَعَجُّب		interj.	interjection
مُذَكَّر	مذ		masculine
فعل مُساعِد		v.m.	modal verb
أداة نَفي	أ ن	neg.	negative
اسم	س	n.	noun
عَدَد	عد	num.	numeral
أداة تَشبية	أ تش		particle of comparison
عِبارة فِعل		v.phr.	phrasal verb
جَمْعٌ	ج	pl.	plural
أدات مِلكِيَّة	أ م		possessive
حَرْفُ جَرٍّ	حج	prep.	preposition
ضَمِيرٌ	ض	pron.	pronoun
أداة استِفهام	أ إس		question forms
مُفرَد	مف	sg.	singular
نَقْحَرَةٌ	نق		transliteration
فِعل	ف	v.	verb

The Alphabet

			ه
		ا	ا
ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	ث
ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج
ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ج
ـح	ـخـ	خـ	خ
ـد	ـد	د	د
ـذ	ـذ	ذ	ذ
ـر	ـر	ر	ر
ـز	ـز	ز	ز
ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س
ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
ـص	ـصـ	صـ	ص
ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	ض
ـط	ـطـ	طـ	ط
ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	ظ
ـع	ـعـ	عـ	ع
ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
ـك	ـكـ	كـ	ك
ـل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
ـمـ	ـمـ	مـ	م
ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
ـه	ـهـ	هـ	ه
ـو	ـو	و	و
ـي	ـيـ	يـ	ي

هَمْزَةُ ٱلْقَطْعِ (hamzatu lqati) Hamzat al-qat : The strong Hamza

هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ (hamzatu lwasli) Hamzat al-wasl : Weak Hanmza

The Vowels الْحَرَكَاتُ

فَتْحَة (fatha)

كَسْرَة (kasra)

ضَمَّة (damma)

The absence of a vowel is marked by sukoon (سُكُون)

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government : عَمَلٌ

مَصْدَر : masdar – verbal noun

noun; اسْم

تَصْغِير – diminuitive at-taSghiir

the five nouns: الْأَسْمَاءُ ٱلْخَمْسَةُ

the dual: al-muthannaa الْمُثَنَّى

الْجَمْعُ – plural

the sound feminine plural – جَمْع مُؤَنَّث سَالِم

the sound masculine plural – جَمْع مُذَكَّر سَالِم

there are three (3) cases; the nominative, the genitive and the accusative

there are three (3) numbers: singular (⟨مُفْرَدٌ⟩ /mufradun/), dual (⟨مُثَنًّى⟩ /muthannan/) and plural (⟨جَمْعٌ⟩ /jamun/)


أَلْبَيْتُ	بَيْتٌ	رَفْع
أَلْبَيْتِ	بَيْتٍ	جَرّ
أَلْبَيْتَ	بَيْتاً	نَصْب

الأسماء الخمسة al-asmaa al-xamsa, the five nouns. ab, ax, fuu, Ham, dhuu

– الْجَمْعُ ٱلسَّالِمُ

(The Sound Plural)

– الْمصدر

(The Verbal noun)

Form 1

الْمصدر
فِعَالَةٌ	fiʿaala
فَعْلَةٌ	faʿla
فُعْلَان	fuʿlaan
فُعُول	fuʿuul
فُعُولَةٌ	fuʿuulatun
فَعَلٌ	faʿal
فَعْلٌ	faʿlun
فُعْلٌ	fuʿlun
فَعَلَةٌ	faʿalatun
مَفْعِلَةٌ	mafʿilatun

Form 2

الْمصدر
تَفْعِيل	tafʿiil
تَفْعِلَةٌ	tafʿilatun
تَفْعَال	tafʿaal
تِفْعَال	tifʿaal

Form 3

الْمصدر
مَفَاعَلَةٌ	mafaaʿalatun
فِعَال	fiʿaal

Form 4

الْمصدر
إِفْعَال	ʾifʿaal
إِفْعَالَةٌ	ʾifʿaalatun
إفْعَاء	ʾifʿaaʾ

Form 5

الْمصدر
تَفَعَّل	tafaʿʿul
تَفَعٍّ	tafaʿʿin

Form 6

الْمصدر
تَفَاعَل	tafaaʿul
تَفَاعٍ	tafaaʿin

Form 7

الْمصدر
اِنْفِعَال	infiʿaal
اِنْفِيَال	infiyaal
اِنْفِعَاء	infiʿaaʾ

Form 8

الْمصدر
اِفْتِعَال	iftiʿaal
اِفْتِيَال	iftiyaal
اِفْتِعَاء	iftiʿaaʾ

Form 9

الْمصدر
اِفْعِلَال	ifʿilaal

Form 10

الْمصدر
اِسْتِفْعَال	istifʿaal
اِسْتِفَالَةٌ	istifaalatun
اِسْتِفْعَاء	istifʿaaʾ

ضَمَائِرُ مُنْفَصِلَة

(Independent Pronouns)

ضَمَائِرُ مُنْفَصِلَة

(Independent Pronouns)


أَنَا
أَنْتَ
أَنْتِ
هُوَ
هِيَ

ضَمَائِرُ مُتَّصِلَة

(Suffixed Pronouns)


ـنَا		ـِي
ـكُمْ	ـكُمَا	ـكَ
ـكُنَّ	ـكُمَا	ـكِ
ـهُمْ, ـهِمْ	ـهُمَا, ـهِمَا	ـهُ, ـهِ
ـهُنَّ, ـهِنَّ	ـهُمَا, ـهِمَا	ـهَا

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(Interrogative Pronouns)

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.

what is this? – مَا هٰذَا؟

what is that? – مَا ذٰلِكَ؟

who is he? – مَنْ هُوَ؟

تنوين tanween, nunation

رف raf, nominative

جر jarr, genitive

نصب nasb, accusative

النداء al-nidda, the vocative

الفاعيل al-faail, the subject

جملة فعلية jumla fi’iyya, verbal sentence

المبتدأ, الخبر al-mubtada, alxabar, the subject and the predicate of an equational sentence جملة اسمية(jumla ismiyya)

Verb

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. For example, in the sentence “The cat runs across the yard,” the word “runs” is a verb that expresses the action of running.

Verb forms

I – The base form of the verb. Verbs may be intransitive or transitive.

II – Corresponds to Aramaic ‘Pael’, Palestinian and Phoenician ‘pa”ol’. Akkadian ‘:

Transitive version of intransitive base verbs. Causative of transitively base verbs. Said to have an intensive or repeated action meaning. Can be derived verbs from nouns

III -Often has an associative meaning. Kaatilu

IV – Corresponds to Aramaic ‘shaphel’ or ‘aphel’, Palestinian and Phoenician ‘haphel’. Akkadian ‘:

Causative of form 1 if transitive. If base form is intransitive then the verb will be transitive. If the base form is transitive then the verb will be doubly transitive.

Make X to y

Cause X tondo y

V – reflexive of form II

VI – reciprocal of form III

VII – reflexive, resultative, passive, mediopassive

VIII

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اِسْمُ صِفَةٍ	adjective
أَدَاةٌ	particle
إِضَافَةٌ	Idaafa
إِعْرَابٌ	declension, case
تَشْدِيدٌ	gemination
تَنْوِينٌ	nunation
ٱلْجَزْمُ	/aljazm/ jussive (mood)
جَمْعٌ	plural
جَوَاب	/jawaab/ apodosis
حَرْفٌ	particle
حَرْفُ جَرٍّ	preposition
حَرَكَاتٌ	vowels
سَاكِنٌ
شرط	/shart/ protasis:
فِعْلٌ	verb
كَلِمَةٌ	word
مُتَحَرِّكٌ
مُثَنًّى	dual
مُذَكَّرٌ	masculine
مَرْفُوعٌ	/marfoo/ 1) nominative (case) 2) indicative (mood)
مُضَارِعٌ	/mudaari/ imperfect:
مُطًابَقَةٌ	agreement/concord
مَعْرِفَةٌ	definite
مُفْرَدٌ	singular
مُنْصَرِفٌ	triptote
غَيْر مُنْصَرِفٍ	diptote
مَنْصُوبٌ	/mansoob/ 1) accusative (case) 2) subjunctive (mood)
مُؤَنَّثٌ	feminine
نَكِرَةٌ	indefinite

نِدَاءٌ	vocative

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مَنْصُوبٌ	accusative (case)
اِسْمُ صِفَةٍ	adjective
مُطًابَقَةٌ	agreement
جَوَاب	/jawaab/ apodosis
مُطًابَقَةٌ	concord
إِعْرَابٌ	declension, case
مَعْرِفَةٌ	definite
غَيْر مُنْصَرِفٍ	diptote
مُثَنًّى	dual
مُؤَنَّثٌ	feminine
تَشْدِيدٌ	gemination
إِضَافَةٌ	Idaafa
مُضَارِعٌ	/mudaari/ imperfect:
نَكِرَةٌ	indefinite
مَرْفُوعٌ	indicative (mood)
ٱلْجَزْمُ	/aljazm/ jussive (mood)
مُذَكَّرٌ	masculine
مَرْفُوعٌ	nominative (case)
تَنْوِينٌ	nunation
أَدَاةٌ, حَرْفٌ	particle
جَمْعٌ	plural
حَرْفُ جَرٍّ	preposition
شرط	/shart/ protasis:
مُفْرَدٌ	singular
مَنْصُوبٌ	subjunctive (mood)
مُنْصَرِفٌ	triptote
فِعْلٌ	verb
نِدَاءٌ	vocative
حَرَكَاتٌ	vowels
كَلِمَةٌ	word

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مَرْحَبًا	hello
صَبَاحُ ٱلْجَيْرِ	good morning
مَسَاءُ ٱلْجَيْرِ	good evening
طَابَتْ لَيْلَتُك	good night
مَعَ ٱلسَّلَامَة	goodbye
إِلَى ٱللِّقَاء	bye!
أَرَامَ قَرِيبًا/غَدًا	see you soon / tomorrow
طَابَ يَوْمُك/مَسَاؤُكِ	have a good day / evening!

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بَنُو أُمَيَّة

Umayyads


معاوية بن أبي سفيان	– 680	Mu’awiya I
يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان	680^[– 683	Yazid I
مُعَاوِيَة بْنِ يَزِيد بْنِ مُعَاوِيَة	683 – 684	Mu’awiya II
مروان بن الحكم بن أبي العاص بن أمية	684 – 685	Marwan I
عَبْد الْمَلِك ٱبْن مَرْوَان ٱبْن الْحَكَم	685 – 705	Abd al-Malik
الوليد بن عبد الملك بن مروان	705 – 715	al-Walid I
سُلَيْمَان ٱبْن عَبْد الْمَلِك ٱبْن مَرْوَان	715 – 717	Sulayman
عُمَر بْن عَبْد الْعَزِيز بْن مَرْوَان	717 – 720	Umar
يَزِيد ٱبْن عَبْد الْمَلِك ٱبْن مَرْوَان	720 – 724	Yazid II
هِشَام ابْن عَبْد الْمَلِك ٱبْن مَرْوَان	724 – 743	Hisham
الْوَلِيد بْنِ يَزِيد بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِك	743 – 744	Al-Walid II
يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك	744	Yazid III
ابراهيم ابن الوليد بن عبد الملك	744	Ibrahim ibn al-Walid
مروان بن محمد بن مروان	744 – 750	Marwan II

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بَنُو العباس

Abbasids


أبو العباس عبد الله ابن محمد ابن علي	750 – 754	al-Saffah
أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور	754 – 775	al-Mansur
أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور	775 – 785	al-Mahdi
أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي	785 – 786	al-Hadi
أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ	786 – 809	Harun al-Rashid
أبو موسى محمد بن هارون الرشيد	809 – 813	Al-Amin
أبو العباس عبد الله بن هارون الرشيد	813 – 833	al-Ma’mun
أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد	833 – 842	al-Mu’tasim
أبو جعفر هارون بن محمد	842 – 847	al-Wathiq
جعفر بن محمد بن هارون	847 – 861	al-Mutawakkil
أبو جعفر محمد	861 – 862	Al-Muntasir
أبو العباس أحمد بن محمد بن محمد	862 – 866	al-Musta’in
أبو عبد الله محمد بن جعفر	866 – 869	al-Mu’tazz
أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الواثق	869 – 870	Marwan II

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مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ – أَنَا who are you? — I am …

مَا اِسْمُكَ؟ – اِسْمِي what is your name? – my name is

هَلْ أَنْتَ ….؟ – نَعَمْ, أَنَا are you …? – yes, I am…

مَنْ هُوَ؟ – هُوَ who is he? — he is …

البيان المثبت Positive Statement.

أَكَلَ الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man ate the pomegranate

يَأْكُلُ الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man eats the pomegranate

البيان المنفى Negative Statement.

مَا أَكَلَ الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man did not eat the pomegranate

لَمْ يَأْكُلِ* الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man did not eat the pomegranate

لَا يَأْكُلُ الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man does not eat the pomegranate

لَا يَأْكُلُ الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man will not eat the pomegranate

لَنْ يَأْكُلَ الرَّجُلُ الرُّمَّانَ – the man will not eat the pomegranate

الْجِنْسُ Gender

الصِّيغَةُ الْعَدِيدَةُ Number

الْجُمْلَةُ الْاِسْمِيَّةُ Nominal Sentence.

(خَبَر) (مُبْتَدَا) (subject) (predicate)

الرَّجُلُ آكِلٌ the man is eating

الرَّجُلُ فِي الْبَيْتِ the man is in the house

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Months


الْمُحَرَّمُ
صَفَرٌ
رَبِيعٌ ٱلْأَوَّلُ
رَبِيعٌ ٱلثَّانِي
جُمَادَى ٱلْأُولَى
جُمَادَى ٱلثَّانِيَةُ
رَجَبٌ
شَعْبَانُ
رَمَضَانٌ
شَوَّالٌ
ذُو ٱلْقَعْدَةِ
ذُو ٱلْحِجَّةِ

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رُكْنُ ٱللُّغَةُ ٱلطَّائِيَّةُ

(Tayyaye Corner)

Vocative Particle

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ث	ت	ب	ا
د	خ	ح	ج
س	ز	ر	ذ
ط	ض	ص	ش
ف	غ	ع	ظ
م	ل	ك	ق
ى	و	ه	ن
		ة	ء

ث	ت	ب	ا
د	خ	ح	ج
س	ز	ر	ذ
ط	ض	ص	ش
ف	غ	ع	ظ
م	ل	ك	ق
ى	و	ه	ن
		ة	ء

ث	ت	ب	ا
د	خ	ح	ج
س	ز	ر	ذ
ط	ض	ص	ش
ف	غ	ع	ظ
م	ل	ك	ق
ى	و	ه	ن
		ة	ء